- Depth and trench support
- Past roughly 1.5 m the trench needs shoring or benching, which changes the plant, the crew size and the volume of spoil.
- Ground conditions
- Redlands rock, reactive clay and high water tables each demand different attachments, dewatering and import material.
- Existing services in the alignment
- Live water, gas, comms or electrical crossings force hand excavation, non-destructive digging and slower progress per metre.
- Surface type and reinstatement
- Turf is cheap to restore. Concrete driveways, asphalt road pavement and council footpaths carry saw-cutting, disposal and replacement costs.
- Access and traffic management
- A tight infill block or a live road reserve adds smaller machines, permits, traffic control and out-of-hours work.
- Authority approvals and inspections
- Connection applications, hold points and inspection lead times set the program, and the program sets the standing time.